All participants signed an informed consent agreeing to participate in the study. The study was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Local Ethics Committee of Normal Higher School of Casablanca with the number No. The average fasting duration was 15 hours 30 minutes. It started on April 3 and finished on May 2. This experimental study with repeated measures in a non-random sample of volunteers was conducted during the month preceding and during Ramadan in 2022. Additionally, due to the Moroccan table’s nature (carbohydrates and lipids but low in water and vegetables), that usually consumed late at night, more troubles are emerging due to gastric troubles, which can influence athletes’ sleep quality and circadian rhythm. As a reaction, they delay it until the evening, mainly after the first meal of the day (fasting break) or after the night prayer (Taraweeh), which will impact their own personal training rhythm. The Moroccan Ministry of National Education, Preschool and Sport changes the class schedule yearly during Ramadan, so these young athletes need more time to train during the day. For Moroccan young athletes at secondary school, the arrival of Ramadan poses an annual challenge. However, no significant effect on other sleep characteristics was found. The last systematic review in 2020 showed that training during RIF decreases the total sleep times in athletes. In addition, previous studies have shown that sleep disorders significantly impact post-exercise recovery, fatigue, and circadian rhythm. Indeed, during fasting, athletes prefer to train in the evenings or early mornings, which affects quality and sleep duration. Muslim athletes who train during Ramadan may also cause significant changes associated with sleep disturbances and changes in sleep patterns. By contrast, no significant effects of RIF on aerobic performance were found when meta-analyzing pre-post data of all RIF interventions, confirming that athletes can participate in a competition in a fasting state with little impact on physical performance. The mean result revealed that Ramadan fasting had a small but significant impact on endurance running performance. The participants were asked to run on the track for 30 minutes on two separate occasions (before and during Ramadan). Nevertheless, other studies showed significant increases in VO 2peak in male athletes. In addition, a systematic review including meta-analysis explored 28 articles (up to December 2019) and found that RIF affects maximum oxygen uptake negatively (RIF standardized mean difference = -2.20, p < 0.001). As a result, they showed that the physical performance of athletes deteriorated during Ramadan. They performed the Cooper Test before and during Ramadan. Indeed, this study was conducted with 32 professional medium-distance male runners in the summer of 2019. According to the available research, RIF has a negative effect on peak oxygen uptake (VO 2peak) and athletic performance.
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